Some of the drugs sold and distributed by 18, This article reviewed the rise and proliferation of 18, Rich Connell and Robert J. Lopez, “An Inside Look at 18th St.’s Menace,”, . We then verify, write and edit, providing the tools to generate real impact. Original content is published under a Creative Commons License per our Terms of Use.Â, © Copyright 2021 | Site by 3C Web Services, Eighteenth Street is one of the most significant gangs within Los Angeles and has spread to numerous locations. 18th Street Gang Tattoo. Thus, Clanton 14 or C14 began to be used by members. While the gang began with only Mexican immigrants, they soon started to recruit immigrants from various Latin American countries (Insight Crime). Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. [41] “2011 National Gang Threat Assessment.”Â. In the 1990s, the US “increased the number of criminal charges for which a foreign-born resident could be deported to their country of origin,” [13] through the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. [5] Inside these neighborhoods, there are numerous cliques, some of the sizable cliques include: 54th, King Blvd G’s, 106thStreet, Columbia Little Cycos, Pico Locos, Kdubs [KWs], Diablos, Tiny Winos, Bebitos, Shatto Park Locos, Smiley Drive, Alsace Locos, Ranch[o] Park, 7th and Broadway, Wall Street, and Rimpau. However the leadership showed some signs of being restored in March 2016 when representatives of the MS13 and the Barrio 18 instructed their members to stop committing homicides, prompting a precipitous drop in violence. While some accounts trace its origins to the late 1950s, the gang began to take its current form in the 1980s after splitting from the Clanton 14 gang. The new policy was applied aggressively to gangs in California, where a large percentage of the Barrio 18’s members were not US citizens. [20] In 2012, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC) estimated that there were about 14,000-17,000 18, Barrio 18’s organizational structure is more decentralized and horizontal in structure.” [27] The way 18, Cultural differences influence the operations and structure of the gang in its various locations. In the late 1990s, through a series of raids the FBI and local law enforcement were able to arrest a number of Barrio 18’s leaders. Originally, the group’s many cells, known as cliques, were the exclusive province of Mexican immigrants in Southe… 14: MS-13 Subway Shooting Kills 18th Street Rival.” Small Wars Journal, 15 February 2019. [2] Such growth in membership and geographical coverage can be attributed to 18, According to a 2011 Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) national gang threat assessment, 18, Eighteenth Street as a whole can be considered a transnational gang due to its presence in various countries and their illicit activities that transcend borders. [9] “2011 National Gang Threat Assessment.” Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011, https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment#Appendix-D:%20Acknowledgements. In the context of El Salvador, the Revolucionarios and the Sureños, both factions of 18th Street are feuding while also battling MS-13. Some of these include sports jerseys with the number 18 or 99 and the use of a blue devil figure with horns. The lack of services available to youth and the approach governments take to curtail gangs impact the ability for a gang to recruit. Mexican migrants from Southern California formed the Barrio 18 group in the 1960s. [16] José Miguel Cruz et al., “The New Face of Street Gangs: The Gang Phenomenon in El Salvador,” 2017, 4, [20] Ana Arana, “How the Street Gangs Took Central America.”, [22] Jessica Farber, “War in Peace: Exploring the Roots of El Salvador’s Gang Violence,”, https://www.coha.org/war-in-peace-exploring-the-roots-of-el-salvadors-gang-vio-lence/, [23] Till Rippmann, “Photographing LA’s Gang Wars,”. [1]  Eighteenth Street is known as 18th Street, Barrio 18, Calle 18, Mara 18, and M-18 in its various locations. Strategic Notes on Third Generation Gangs. A United States Department of Justice report featured the following statement regarding 18th Street and rival gang Numerous cliques cooperate with other cliques, while others function independently. [16]    Â. Eighteenth Street as a whole can be considered a transnational gang due to its presence in various countries and their illicit activities that transcend borders. FBI National Academy Associate Magazine. [38] John P. Sullivan, “Transnational Gangs: The Impact of Third Generation Gangs in Central America,” Air & Space Power Journal–Spanish Edition. 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[25] “Violentas y Violentadas Relaciones de género en las Maras Salvatrucha y Barrio 18 del Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica.” Guatemala City: Interpeace Regional Office for Latin America, n.d., p. 26–28, https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013_05_14_Central_Am_Violentas_y_Violentadas_es.pdf. The gang was originally named after Clanton Street, but in the 1940s, the street name was changed to 14th Street. Last night elite cops captured 13 male and five female members of Barrio 18 suspected of gunning down journalist Igor Padilla in San Pedro Sula. March/April 2018, https://www.fbinaa.org/FBINAA/Associate/MARAPR2018_Feature_1.aspx. Barrio 18 originally was composed of Mexican immigrants or people of Mexican descent, but soon began incorporating other Latino nationalities as Los Angeles’ immigrant community diversified. Still, the gang has its hand in a number of different criminal enterprises across the length and breadth of its territory, among them murder-for-hire, drug sales, prostitution, extortion, theft and kidnapping. Cultural differences influence the operations and structure of the gang in its various locations. [18] There are unique factors within each country that creates opportunities for 18. specialist in Latin American affairs at the Congressional Research Service. Anibal will begin his studies towards the Ph.D. in Political Science at UCI in Fall 2020. 51 were here. It is one of the gangs frequently mentioned in a transnational context and often referred to as a mara—a type of sophisticated gang—due to its presence in El Salvador and other parts of Central America. in National Security Studies. Throughout the region, the Barrio 18 is known for a strict insistence on loyalty in its ranks, and often kills to punish transgressions. Over the decades, though, Barrio 18 threw open its recruitment to members from Central America as well, often targeting the elementary and middle-school children of immigrants. December 2019, p.130, https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/2019-NDTA-final-01-14-2020_Low_Web-DIR-007-20_2019.pdf. While the gang began with only Mexican immigrants, they soon started to recruit immigrants from various Latin American countries (Insight Crime). The Barrio 18 has also had a presence in Italy since the mid-2000s. Once governments in Central America realized they had a gang problem, they began to create and implement policies to suppress gang members and their illicit activities. It is one of the largest transnational criminal gangs in Los Angeles, with 30,000 to 50,000 members in 20 states across the US alone and is also allied with the Mexican Mafia. [29] The structure is further broken down into prospective members and affiliated individuals whom all have different illicit tasks to carry out for the gang. US has vowed to crack down on ultra-violent transnational gang MS-13 [28] However, in Central America, 18th Street operates differently. In the 1980s. April 2006, p.5. The following excerpt describes their observations on 18th Street’s Salvadoran structure: 18th Street groups are less well-structured regarding their organization. These raids were meant to cause the gang’s demise, but the detention of its capos gave … The Libyan Arab Armed Forces: A Hybrid Armed Actor? [2] According to Dr. Al Valdez, an adjunct professor at the University of California, Irvine and retired head of the gang investigation unit at the Orange County District Attorney’s Office, 18th Street was established because a gang known as Clanton Street, currently known as Clanton 14 (C14),[3] only recruited and admitted Mexicans. Though recent policies have been more mindful of the many facets of the conflict, the overall demonization of gangs by both US and Salvadoran governments has served more to exacerbate violence and fear in El Salvador than to quell the ongoing bloodshed. Gangs: the real ‘humanitarian crisis’ driving Central American children to the US. The gang also has a close relationship with the Mexican Mafia, and has reportedly established some links with the Zetas and Sinaloa Cartel. The Barrio 18 then broke into smaller, competing cells that owed less allegiance to the central leadership. Eighteenth Street is less “cohesive and disciplined,” and this has impacted its structure and activities. The Barrio 18 will likely continue to be a significant source of instability for Central America. The Barrio 18’s organizational structure is more decentralized and horizontal in structure. Some 18th Street cliques partake in extortion, protection rackets, and kickbacks from illegal goods sold on their turf. [39] It is also important to note that according to the FBI, 18th Street has members within the Army, Marines, and Navy, which can potentially support illicit activities; “such as weapons and drug trafficking or to receive weapons and combat training that they may transfer back to their gang.” [40]. Barrio 18: Meet the terrifying gang with 50,000 foot-soldiers across the US and so unashamedly violent it rivals MS-13. Download or Read: THE LOS ANGELES BARRIO 1850 1890 A SOCIAL HISTORY PDF Here! As gang members arrived in their country of origin, some began to establish relationships with youth in their neighborhoods and started to expand their gang’s membership. The gang continues to morph and adapt to local conditions. This allows members to be more specific in the way they are communicating with an ally or adversary. systematically extort public transport systems. 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Moreover, officials have warned that the Barrio 18 and its rival, the MS13, are increasingly attempting to infiltrate local politics in furtherance of their criminal activities. For its part, the government insisted that the drop in violence could be attributed to a security crackdown that it initiated around the same time. 25: 18th Street (Barrio 18) Demonic & Santa Muerte Affinity Linkages.”. Barrio 18, otherwise known as 18th Street Gang or M-18, is a street gang originating in Los Angeles, gaining prominence in the 1980s and 90s. Specifically, the gang formed in the “neighborhood where the Santa Monica and Harbor Freeway intersect, near 18th Street and Union Avenue,” the area is also known as Pico-Union. Sureño gangs are generally loyal to La Eme. December 2019, p.130, [38] John P. Sullivan, “Transnational Gangs: The Impact of Third Generation Gangs in Central America,”, [41] “2011 National Gang Threat Assessment.”. M-18 gang’s rivalry with MS-13 gang began in Los Angeles. To add to these concerns, extortion and disappearances reportedly continued to rise in El Salvador over the course of the truce, and homicides began rising again in mid-2013. The leaders of both the MS13 and the Barrio 18 proved alarmingly adept at using their now heightened political profile to their advantage, fuelling concerns that the initiative could provide a means of increasing their criminal sophistication and overall influence in the country. Many of its members are located in California, but the Barrio 18 also has a presence in states as varied as Iowa, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. On the outside, they branched into kidnapping, petty drug trafficking and contract killings. 206 likes. [45] Steven Dudley and Héctor Silva Ávalos, “MS 13 in the Americas: How the World’s Most Notorious Gang Defies Logic, Resists Destruction.” InSight Crime. Overall, gang structures differ in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. [12] “USAID Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment.” Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development. However, this did not so much handicap the gang as give it another base from which to operate and recruit new members: federal prisons. [12] “USAID Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment.” Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development. The Barrio 18 in El Salvador is divided into rival factions, the Revolutionaries and the Sureños. Despite efforts to isolate gang leaders from their contacts on the outside and from their fellow prisoners, Barrio 18 bosses like Francisco Martinez, alias “Puppet,” devised ways to continue running criminal activities from the inside. Despite the Barrio 18’s Mexican roots, the gang is not one of the strongest organizations in Mexico. The 18th Street Gang, also known as “Barrio 18,” is one of the largest youth gangs in the Western Hemisphere. The Barrio 18 first emerged as a small-time street gang in Los Angeles. 3, 2005): p.99, https://doi.org/10.2307/20034353. traduction barrio dans le dictionnaire Espagnol - Français de Reverso, voir aussi 'barrio',barrido',barro',barrigón', conjugaison, expressions idiomatiques He has presented and published his work in various venues and hopes to become a faculty member. Eighteenth Street: The Origins of ‘Barrio 18’. It earned particular notoriety for its role in riots in that city following the acquittal of the police who brutally beat Rodney King, an African-American motorist. Bloomington: XLibris, 2020. 912. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34233.html. 18th Street, also known as Calle 18, Barrio 18, Mara 18, or simply La 18 in Central America, is a multi-ethnic (largely Central American and Mexican) transnational criminal organization that started as a street gang in Los Angeles. [35] Mandalit Del Barco, “Feds Aim to Dismantle L.A.’s 18th Street Gang,” National Public Radio, 3 June 2009, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91105501. 16 February 2018, p.23, https://www.insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/MS13-in-the-Americas-InSight-Crime-English.pdf; Arana, “How the Street Gangs Took Central America,” p.101; and Interview with Dr. Pamela Ruiz. However, as other Latino nationalities joined the immigrant population, the Barrio 18 began to recruit members from a variety of backgrounds, a development that would facilitate the group’s spread into other nations, particularly in Central America. Avelino Barrio est un médecin et un herpétologiste argentin d’origine espagnole, né le 10 août 1920 à La Corogne et mort le 30 juin 1979 à Buenos Aires.. Biographie. As a result, some argue that US policy helped the Barrio 18 spread internationally. [1] Celinda Franco, The MS-13 and 18th Street Gangs: Emerging Transnational Gang Threats.” Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. In Central America, 18th Street’s main rival is MS-13, a rivalry so vicious that most incarcerated members of both gangs are housed in separate facilities. In the late 1990s, a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) task force, along with local law enforcement, took down some of the Barrio 18’s foremost leaders. [25] “Violentas y Violentadas Relaciones de género en las Maras Salvatrucha y Barrio 18 del Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica.” Guatemala City: Interpeace Regional Office for Latin America, n.d., p. 26–28, [26] Connell and Lopez, “An Inside Look at 18th St.’s Menace.”.